THE IMPORTANCE OF USING LEARNING STRATEGIES ON THE PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL
Review Article
Keywords:
language learning strategies, primary school, foreign language
Abstract
This paper theoretically considers and emphasizes the importance of applying L2 learning strategies, primarily at the beginning of foreign language learning, as well as to provide certain guidelines for teachers. In contemporary teaching L2 learning strategies have an important role as a useful tool that helps students in foreign language learning and in solving problems that they encounter. Thus, the paper first lists the definitions, classifications and the most important characteristics of L2 learning strategies, as well as their importance and role in foreign language teaching, which is supported by various studies. Introducing primary school pupils to as many strategies as possible is a task of great importance for teachers and, therefore, this paper emphasizes the effectiveness of learning strategies instruction. The earliest age at which the pupil is able to report on the use of strategies is then considered. An overview of the most important research studies so far is given, with a special focus on the research in our country. Finally, pedagogical implications include the need for research of the application of L2 learning strategies at the primary school level, as well as the importance of training teachers who should teach pupils strategies in their classrooms. The paper is motivated by the fact that good habits in L2 learning, which include the use of L2 learning strategies, are formed at the earliest age.
References
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Bialystok, E. (1981). The Role of Conscious Strategies in Second Language Proficiency. Modern Language Journal, 65 (1), 24-35.
Bremner S. (1999). Language learning strategies and language proficiency: Investigating the relationship in Hong Kong. Canadian Modern Language Review/La RevueCanadienne des Langues Vivantes, 55, 490-514.
Chamot, A. U. (1987). The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. Wenden & Joan Rubin (eds), 71-83.
Chamot, A. U. (1993). Student responses to learning strategy instruction in the foreign language classroom. Foreign English Annals, 26, 308-321.
Chamot, A. U. (2005). Language learning strategy instruction: Current issues and research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 112–30.
Chamot, A.U., Barnhardt, S., El-Dinary, P.B., Carbonaro, G. & Robbins, J. (1993) Methods of Teaching Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Classrooms. National Foreign Language Resource Center, Georgetown University/Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.
Chamot, A. U. and El-Dinary, P. B. (1999) Children’s learning strategies in language immersion classrooms. Modern Language Journal, 83, 319–38.
Chamot, A. U.; Küpper, L; Impink-Hernandez, M. V. (1988). A study of learning strategies in foreign language instruction: first year report, Mclean, Va. Interstate Research Associates.
Chamot, A. U. & O’Malley, J. M. (1994). The CALLA handbook: Implementing the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Chesterfield, R. and Chesterfield, K.B. (1985). Natural order in children’s use of second language learning strategies. Applied Linguistics, 6, 45–59. Preuzeto 02.04.2020. sa:http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.881.4977&re- p=rep1&type=pdf
Cohen, A. (2003). The learner’s side of foreign language learning: Where do styles, strategies, and tasks meet? IRAL, 41, 279–291.
Cohen, A. D. (2011). Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Cohen, A. D. and Oxford, R. L. (2006). Young Learners’ Language Strategy Use Survey. In Cohen, A. D. and Weaver, S. J. (Eds.), Styles and Strategies-Based Instruction: A Teachers’ Guide. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, University of Minnesota.
Crnogorac Stanišljević, B. (2019). Upotreba kompenzatornih strategija za učenje u nastavi engleskog jezika na nivou osnovne škole. Pedagoška stvarnost, 65, (2), 186-198.
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Graham, S. and Macaro, E. (2008) Strategy instruction in listening for low-intermediate learners of French. Language Learning, 58(4), 747–83.
Gu, P. Y., Hu, G. and Zhang, L. J. (2005). Investigating Language Learner Strategies among Lower Primary School Pupils in Singapore. LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION, Vol. 19, No. 4, 281-303. Preuzeto 05.05.2020. sa: https://www.research- gate.net/profile/Guangwei_Hu/publication/234119405_Investigating_Langua- ge_Learner_Strategies_among_Lower_Primary_School_Pupils_in_Singapore/ links/5b91d5124585153a53001f1a/Investigating-Language-Learner-Strate- gies-among-Lower-Primary-School-Pupils-in-Singapore.pdf
Kostić-Bobanović, M. & Ambrosi-Randić, N.(2008). Language learning strategies in different English as a foreign language education levels. DRUŠ. ISTRAŽ. ZA- GREB, br. 1-2, 281-300. Preuzeto 12.06.2020. sa: https://hrcak.srce.hr/22757
Lan, R. L. (2005). Language learning strategies profiles of EFL elementary school students in Taiwan. University of Maryland, doctoral dissertation.
Lan, L. R. & Oxford, R. L. (2003). Language learning strategy profiles of elementary school students in Taiwan. International Review of AppliedLinguistics in Language Teaching, 41(4): 339-379.
Lee, K.R. & Oxford, R. (2008). Understanding EFL learners' strategy use and strategy awareness. Asian EFL Journal, 10 (1), 7-32.
Nakatani, Y. (2005) The effects of awareness-raising training on oral communication strategy use. Modern Language Journal, 89(1), 76–91.
Nhem, D. (2019). Language Learning Strategies: A Comparative Study of Young and Adolescent Cambodian Learners. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, Volume 1, Issue 2, 34-45. Preuzeto 15.06.2020. https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3447602
OʼMalley, J. M. and Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. UK: Cambridge University Press.
O’Malley, J.M. and Chamot, A.U. (1995). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
OʼMalley, J. M., Chamot, A. U. & Küpper, L. (1989). Listening Comprehension Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. Applied Linguistics, Volume 10, Issue 4, 418-437.
O’Malley, J. M., Chamot, A. U., Stewner-Manzanares, G., Kupper, L. & Russo, R. P. (1985). Learning strategies used by beginning and intermediate ESL students, Language Learning, 35/1, 21-46.
Oxford, R. L. & Crookall, D. (1989). Research on language learning strategies: Methods, findings, and instructional issues. Modern Language Journal, 73, 404- 419.
Oxford, R. L. (1989). ‘The Best and the worst’: an exercise to tap perceptions of language-learning experiences and strategies, Foreign Language Annals, 22/5, 447- 454.
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House.
Oxford, R. L., & Nyikos, M. (1989). Variables affecting choices of language learning by university students. Modern Language Journal, 73(3), 291-300.
Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969). The Psychology of the Child. New York: Basic Books. Pilipović, V. & Glušac, T. (2015). Uzrast kao faktor u izboru strategija učenja engleskog jezika u osnovnoj školi. Nastava i vaspitanje, vol. 64, br. 2, 343-356.
Pilipović, V. & Glušac, T. (2017). ,,Kritični period” u izboru strategija za učenje stra- nog jezika. Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini, XLVII(1)/2017, 149-167.
Purdie, N. and Oliver, R. (1999) Language learning strategies used by bilingual schoolaged children. System 27, 375–88.
Radić-Bojanić, B. (2013). Strategije za razumevanje metaforičkog vokabulara. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet.
Rigney, J.W. (1978). Learning strategies: A theoretical perspective. In H. F. O’Neil (Jr) (ed), 165-205.
Rubin, J. (1975). What the good language learner can teach us. TESOL Quarterly, 9 (1), 41-51.
Rubin, J. (1981). Study of cognitive processes in second language learning, Applied Linguistics, 11, 117-131.
Stern, H. H. (1983). Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Weinstein, C. E. & Mayer, R. E. (1986). The teaching of learning strategies. In M. Wi- ttrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 315-327).
Wenden, A. (1987). Incorporating learner training in the classroom. In Wenden, A.; Rubin, J., Learner Strategies in Language Learning, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall.
Wenden, A. L. & Rubin, J. (Eds.). (1987). Learner strategies in language learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bialystok, E. (1978). A theoretical model of second language learning. Language Learning, Vol. 28, No.1, 69-83.
Bialystok, E. (1981). The Role of Conscious Strategies in Second Language Proficiency. Modern Language Journal, 65 (1), 24-35.
Bremner S. (1999). Language learning strategies and language proficiency: Investigating the relationship in Hong Kong. Canadian Modern Language Review/La RevueCanadienne des Langues Vivantes, 55, 490-514.
Chamot, A. U. (1987). The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. Wenden & Joan Rubin (eds), 71-83.
Chamot, A. U. (1993). Student responses to learning strategy instruction in the foreign language classroom. Foreign English Annals, 26, 308-321.
Chamot, A. U. (2005). Language learning strategy instruction: Current issues and research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 112–30.
Chamot, A.U., Barnhardt, S., El-Dinary, P.B., Carbonaro, G. & Robbins, J. (1993) Methods of Teaching Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Classrooms. National Foreign Language Resource Center, Georgetown University/Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.
Chamot, A. U. and El-Dinary, P. B. (1999) Children’s learning strategies in language immersion classrooms. Modern Language Journal, 83, 319–38.
Chamot, A. U.; Küpper, L; Impink-Hernandez, M. V. (1988). A study of learning strategies in foreign language instruction: first year report, Mclean, Va. Interstate Research Associates.
Chamot, A. U. & O’Malley, J. M. (1994). The CALLA handbook: Implementing the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Chesterfield, R. and Chesterfield, K.B. (1985). Natural order in children’s use of second language learning strategies. Applied Linguistics, 6, 45–59. Preuzeto 02.04.2020. sa:http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.881.4977&re- p=rep1&type=pdf
Cohen, A. (2003). The learner’s side of foreign language learning: Where do styles, strategies, and tasks meet? IRAL, 41, 279–291.
Cohen, A. D. (2011). Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Cohen, A. D. and Oxford, R. L. (2006). Young Learners’ Language Strategy Use Survey. In Cohen, A. D. and Weaver, S. J. (Eds.), Styles and Strategies-Based Instruction: A Teachers’ Guide. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, University of Minnesota.
Crnogorac Stanišljević, B. (2019). Upotreba kompenzatornih strategija za učenje u nastavi engleskog jezika na nivou osnovne škole. Pedagoška stvarnost, 65, (2), 186-198.
Doró, K. & Habók, A. (2013). Language Learning Strategies in Elementary School: The Effect of Age and Gender in an EFL Context. JLLT, Volume 4, Issue 2, 25-37. Preuzeto 01.05.2020.sa:https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/229e/411debe- 4798b13a3a6601286a8890911dfb4.pdf
Graham, S. and Macaro, E. (2008) Strategy instruction in listening for low-intermediate learners of French. Language Learning, 58(4), 747–83.
Gu, P. Y., Hu, G. and Zhang, L. J. (2005). Investigating Language Learner Strategies among Lower Primary School Pupils in Singapore. LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION, Vol. 19, No. 4, 281-303. Preuzeto 05.05.2020. sa: https://www.research- gate.net/profile/Guangwei_Hu/publication/234119405_Investigating_Langua- ge_Learner_Strategies_among_Lower_Primary_School_Pupils_in_Singapore/ links/5b91d5124585153a53001f1a/Investigating-Language-Learner-Strate- gies-among-Lower-Primary-School-Pupils-in-Singapore.pdf
Kostić-Bobanović, M. & Ambrosi-Randić, N.(2008). Language learning strategies in different English as a foreign language education levels. DRUŠ. ISTRAŽ. ZA- GREB, br. 1-2, 281-300. Preuzeto 12.06.2020. sa: https://hrcak.srce.hr/22757
Lan, R. L. (2005). Language learning strategies profiles of EFL elementary school students in Taiwan. University of Maryland, doctoral dissertation.
Lan, L. R. & Oxford, R. L. (2003). Language learning strategy profiles of elementary school students in Taiwan. International Review of AppliedLinguistics in Language Teaching, 41(4): 339-379.
Lee, K.R. & Oxford, R. (2008). Understanding EFL learners' strategy use and strategy awareness. Asian EFL Journal, 10 (1), 7-32.
Nakatani, Y. (2005) The effects of awareness-raising training on oral communication strategy use. Modern Language Journal, 89(1), 76–91.
Nhem, D. (2019). Language Learning Strategies: A Comparative Study of Young and Adolescent Cambodian Learners. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, Volume 1, Issue 2, 34-45. Preuzeto 15.06.2020. https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3447602
OʼMalley, J. M. and Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. UK: Cambridge University Press.
O’Malley, J.M. and Chamot, A.U. (1995). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
OʼMalley, J. M., Chamot, A. U. & Küpper, L. (1989). Listening Comprehension Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. Applied Linguistics, Volume 10, Issue 4, 418-437.
O’Malley, J. M., Chamot, A. U., Stewner-Manzanares, G., Kupper, L. & Russo, R. P. (1985). Learning strategies used by beginning and intermediate ESL students, Language Learning, 35/1, 21-46.
Oxford, R. L. & Crookall, D. (1989). Research on language learning strategies: Methods, findings, and instructional issues. Modern Language Journal, 73, 404- 419.
Oxford, R. L. (1989). ‘The Best and the worst’: an exercise to tap perceptions of language-learning experiences and strategies, Foreign Language Annals, 22/5, 447- 454.
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House.
Oxford, R. L., & Nyikos, M. (1989). Variables affecting choices of language learning by university students. Modern Language Journal, 73(3), 291-300.
Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969). The Psychology of the Child. New York: Basic Books. Pilipović, V. & Glušac, T. (2015). Uzrast kao faktor u izboru strategija učenja engleskog jezika u osnovnoj školi. Nastava i vaspitanje, vol. 64, br. 2, 343-356.
Pilipović, V. & Glušac, T. (2017). ,,Kritični period” u izboru strategija za učenje stra- nog jezika. Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini, XLVII(1)/2017, 149-167.
Purdie, N. and Oliver, R. (1999) Language learning strategies used by bilingual schoolaged children. System 27, 375–88.
Radić-Bojanić, B. (2013). Strategije za razumevanje metaforičkog vokabulara. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet.
Rigney, J.W. (1978). Learning strategies: A theoretical perspective. In H. F. O’Neil (Jr) (ed), 165-205.
Rubin, J. (1975). What the good language learner can teach us. TESOL Quarterly, 9 (1), 41-51.
Rubin, J. (1981). Study of cognitive processes in second language learning, Applied Linguistics, 11, 117-131.
Stern, H. H. (1983). Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Weinstein, C. E. & Mayer, R. E. (1986). The teaching of learning strategies. In M. Wi- ttrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 315-327).
Wenden, A. (1987). Incorporating learner training in the classroom. In Wenden, A.; Rubin, J., Learner Strategies in Language Learning, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall.
Wenden, A. L. & Rubin, J. (Eds.). (1987). Learner strategies in language learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Published
23. 08. 2021.
Issue
Section
DIDACTICS AND TEACHING METHODOLOGIES
