BEZBEDNOST ŠKOLE – RAZMATRANJE NJENIH DIMENZIJA I DELOTVORNIH STRATEGIJA
Pregledni naučni rad
Apstrakt
Bezbednost škole ima ključnu važnost u stvaranju pozitivnog školskog okruženja za učenje. Ipak, definisanje ovog koncepta ostaje složeno i višeslojno. Ovaj rad analizira postojeću literaturu o bezbednosti škole, fokusirajući se na njene fizičke i psihološke dimenzije, kao i na delotvornost različitih strategija za njeno unapređenje. Nakon uvodne analize glavnih elemenata bezbednosti škole, rad sagledava teorijske perspektive koje se odnose na fizičku i psihološku bezbednost škole. U skladu sa bezbednosnim pitanjima koje autori smatraju najvažnijim, mogu se identifikovati dva glavna aspekta u definisanju fizičke bezbednosti, a to su: 1) primena bezbednosnih mera i procedura, kao i angažovanje lica zaduženih za bezbednost u školi, radi zaštite školskog objekta i ljudi koji borave u njemu od ponašanja kojim učenici ugrožavaju sebe ili druge; i 2) pripremljenost škole za suočavanje sa rizikom od prirodnih katastrofa i rešavanje problema bezbednosti saobraćaja u okruženju škole. Psihološka bezbednost se fokusira na stvaranje okruženja u kojem učenici imaju neophodnu podršku i zaštitu od psihološkog nasilja i koje podstiče razvoj i unapređenje kvaliteta međuljudskih odnosa. U tom kontekstu, kvalitet međuljudskih odnosa u školi obuhvata dvа aspekta: kvalitet odnosa između učenika i nastavnika i kvalitet odnosa među vršnjacima.
Osnovna funkcija strategija fizičke bezbednosti u prevenciji nasilja u školama je efekat odvraćanja. Ove strategije imaju za cilj da obeshrabre učenike od ispoljavanja nedozvoljenog ponašanja. Zasnivanjem na teoriji racionalnog izbora, polazi se od pretpostavke da učenici procenjuju moguće koristi i posledice svojih postupaka – ukoliko je rizik od otkrivanja i sankcija visok, manja je verovatnoća da će se upustiti u nedozvoljena ponašanja. Empirijski dokazi o delotvornosti ovih strategija u prevenciji nasilja u školama su neujednačeni. S jedne strane, nedostaje konzistentna potvrda da vidljive bezbednosne mere poput detektora metala, video nadzora ili pojačanog prisustva stručnih lica zaduženih za bezbednost škole značajno doprinose smanjenju nasilja u školi. S druge strane, pojedina istraživanja ukazuju da angažovanje stručnih lica zaduženih za bezbednost škole može da smanji stopu određenih oblika nasilja u školi, kao što su napadi bez oružja i posedovanje oružja od strane učenika, kao i da poveća otkrivanje krivičnih dela povezanih sa drogom. U tom kontekstu, buduća istraživanja trebalo bi da se usmere na dublje razumevanje delotvornosti strategija fizičke bezbednosti u školama, sa posebnim fokusom na pitanje da li ove strategije zaista utiču na promenu ponašanja učenika ili prvenstveno doprinose većoj identifikaciji i evidentiranju problematičnih ponašanja. Kada je reč o pripremljenosti škola za prirodne katastrofe, istraživanja pokazuju varijabilnost, sa umerenom pripremljenošću u razvijenim zemljama i značajnim nedostacima u zemljama u razvoju. U pogledu delotvornosti strategija psihološke bezbednosti, istraživanja ukazuju da one strategije koje unapređuju pozitivne međuljudske odnose u okvirima autoritativne školske klime doprinose stvaranju bezbednijeg školskog okruženja kroz prevenciju i suzbijanje različitih oblika problematičnog ponašanja učenika. Takva klima, koju karakterišu jasna pravila i dosledna očekivanja, u kombinaciji sa toplinom i podrškom, ne samo da doprinosi smanjenju različitih oblika problematičnog ponašanja, već ima i širi razvojni značaj. Naime, autoritativna školska klima povezuje se sa unapređenjem akademskih postignuća, većim angažovanjem učenika i višim obrazovnim aspiracijama. S obzirom na to da se psihološka bezbednost – a naročito kvalitet međuljudskih odnosa – uobičajeno proučava u okviru šireg koncepta školske klime, buduća istraživanja trebalo bi da se fokusiraju na diferencirano sagledavanje njenih efekata u poređenju sa drugim komponentama školske klime, poput osećaja pripadnosti školi, stavova učenika prema nasilju. Posebno je važno ispitati u kojoj meri psihološka bezbednost doprinosi prevenciji nasilja, u poređenju sa drugim aspektima školskog okruženja, ali i kako se ona povezuje i potencijalno nadopunjuje sa elementima fizičke bezbednosti – kao što su angažovanje lica zaduženih za bezbednost u školi, primena video nadzora i drugih vidljivih bezbednosnih mera. Razumevanje međusobnih odnosa između psihološke i fizičke bezbednosti može doprineti razvoju sveobuhvatnijih i delotvornijih strategija koje istovremeno unapređuju subjektivni doživljaj bezbednosti učenika, smanjuju izloženost rizičnim ponašanjima i doprinose stvaranju podržavajućeg, podsticjanog i bezbednog školskog okruženja.
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